Meredith cutting 1,200, plans to sell Time, Sports Illustrated

Meredith, America’s largest magazine publisher, is laying off 1,200 and plans to sell the Time, Sports Illustrated, Fortune, and Money brands, the company announced.

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Today in Labor History

Harry Bridges

Chicago stockyard workers won an 8-hour day. – 1918

30,000 unemployed people marched in New York City. At the time, there was virtually no formal or institutional aid available for the unemployed or poor. Even the AFL did not support unemployment insurance, as it saw itself as the representative of skilled workers only, and could care less about the unskilled and factory workers. Another reason for the lack of government support for the unemployed was that working conditions were so terrible the ruling elite feared that workers would choose the dole over work if given the choice. In New York, police attacked the marchers. – 1930

Construction began on the Hawks Nest Tunnel. 3,000 mostly African-American migrant workers were hired to complete the project. To save time and money, they were not provided with proper safety equipment to work on cutting rock that had been discovered to have a high silica content. The official death toll from silicosis was 476, with estimates as high as 700 to 1,000. It was considered to be one of the worst industrial disasters in U.S. history. – 1930

The federal Coal Mine Health and Safety Act was enacted. – 1970

The United Farm Workers signed the first table grape contract with two growers. – 1970

Harry Bridges, Australian-born dock union leader, died at age 88. He helped form and lead the International Longshore and Warehouse Union (ILWU) for 40 years. A Bridges quote: “The most important word in the language of the working class is ‘solidarity’”. – 1990

Leaders of the Screen Actors Guild announced that the membership had voted to merge with the American Federation of Television and Radio Artists, creating the 150,000-member SAG-AFTRA. – 2012

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Wenatchee newspaper sold to Ariz. company

Wenatchee newspaper sold to Ariz. company The Wenatchee World, which has been published by the Woods family for 111 years, has been sold to Wick Communications, a third-generation family owned and operated media corporation, of Sierra Vista, Ariz.

The announcement was made Thursday by World Publisher Rufus G. Woods and Wick Chief Executive Officer Francis Wick. The asset sale, for an undisclosed amount, will take effect Saturday.

Friday Morning in the Blogosphere

Unsold newspapers

Onion Inc. has unionized - AV Club

Is Journalism a Form of Activism? - Longreads

The Myth of the Criminal Immigrant - New York Times

We Must Never Let Newspapers Die - The Morning Call

Stop the tariffs: Digital news depends on print - thepress.net

The journalist's quick guide to surviving April Fools' Day - Poynter

Winner best use of a podcast Los Angeles Times “Dirty John” - DigiDay

Meet the journalist tracking Digital First Media’s hedge fund owner - CJR

Tariffs, paper shortage combine for financial pressure on newspapers - Tampa Bay Times

Facebook starts fact checking photos/videos, blocks millions of fake accounts - Tech Crunch

North Dakota papers to charge for political endorsement letters to the editor

North Dakota-based newspapers owned by Forum Communications will charge for political endorsement letters to the editor beginning April 1, the Forum-owned Bismarck Tribune reported.

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Stop The Presses Trailer

STOP THE PRESSES: FILM DOCUMENTS END OF ‘LIFE, PRINTED DAILY’ AT THE TAMPA TRIBUNE TAMPA, Fla. (March 21, 2017) – The Tampa Tribune may be gone, but those who worked at Tampa’s hometown newspaper have not let the ink dry on the industry they love or the community it served. Stop the Presses, an 83-minute documentary chronicles the last press run and eventual demise of “Ma Trib” on May 3, 2016.
Filmmaker Deborah Kerr and her crew were filming a day in the life of a newspaper when the company unraveled and its owners sold the 121-year-old institution to a longtime local competitor, thus ending the bay area’s newspaper war and decades-long careers for hundreds of reporters, photographers, editors and pressmen.
In the film, viewers will hear from former employees in News, Advertising, Circulation, Packaging and the Press Room about the stark reality of what is happening in the newspaper industry, and its effect on the more than 600 employees whose lives were changed forever by the closing of this Tampa landmark and the readers left bereft of community news when The Tribune stopped hitting their driveway.
"This is an important story to be told -- especially since The Tribune didn't get to write its own obituary," said Kerr, the movie's director, producer and head of Be Brave Productions. "I want people to realize the impact of newspapers on our daily lives and to show the dedication and commitment of those who breathe life into newspapers 365 days a year. With charges of 'fake news' taking root, the light needs to shine on these dedicated people who brought readers stories from the world and their own back yards."

Employees at Lee-owned Montana paper file to form union

The 10 non-management employees of the Lee Enterprises-owned Missoula Independent filed a petition with the National Labor Relations Board March 19 to begin the process of forming a union, the Missoula News Guild Organizing Committee announced.

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Today in Labor History

Ohio made it illegal for children under 18 and women to work more than 10 hours a day. – 1852

Sam Walton, founder of the huge and bitterly anti-union Wal-Mart empire, was born on this date in Kingfisher, Oklahoma. He once said that his priority was to “Buy American”, but Wal-Mart is now the largest U.S. importer of foreign-made goods, often produced under sweatshop conditions. – 1918

The U.S. Supreme Court, in West Coast Hotel Co. v. Parrish, upheld the constitutionality of minimum wage legislation enacted by the State of Washington, overturning a decision in 1923 that held that federal minimum wage legislation for women was an unconstitutional infringement of liberty of contract. The case was brought by Elsie Parrish, a hotel housekeeper who lost her job and did not receive back wages in line with the state’s minimum wage for women law. – 1937

The “Battle of Wall Street” occurred as police charged strikers lying down in front of stock exchange doors. 43 were arrested. – 1948

The National Maritime Union of America merged with the National Marine Engineers’ Beneficial Association. – 1988

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Tensor replaces Solna press in France

The sale of two 4-high towers completes the final phase of replacing a Solna D300 pressline at La Societe Cherbourgeoise d’Editions in Cherbourg, France.

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Thursday Morning in the Blogosphere

Skidrow Cleanup meets every Saturday and sweeps many blocks of the dirtiest areas of Skidrow. They can be found on Facebook if you would be interested in volunteering 

Tax on newspapers a tax on readers - Chillicothe Times-Bulletin

2 central Virginia community newspapers closing down - WTOP

Attack on newspapers is an attack on us all - Scottsbluff Star Herald

Visitors To 'Reader's Digest' Site Soar 179% Year-To-Year - MediaPost

Lessons learned from the BBC's global editorial transformation - Editors Weblog

These journalists help deliver a community newspaper on the weekends - Poynter

Tariffs on Canadian newsprint taking toll on American newspapers - Tribune-Review

Steamboat Pilot and Today to be distributed free on Sundays - Steamboat Pilot and Today

The Forecaster owner to acquire newspapers in Brunswick, Biddeford - KeepMEcurrent.com

Dallas Morning News laid off five of its editorial department employees today - Central Track

Google launches $300 million News Initiative

Google has launched the Google News Initiative (GNI), “our effort to help journalism thrive in the digital age,” the company announced March 20.

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THE ‘GHOST NEWSPAPERS’ ARE HERE

 
By Julie Reynolds 

Shuttering papers and turning them into weekly inserts is accelerating the rise of news deserts, researcher says

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TKS to close office in Dallas

Effective March 31, TKS will be closing its office in Dallas. TKS manufactures and sells a wide range of offset and digital printing presses as well as material handling and post press equipment.

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Today in Labor History

Emma Goldman

Emma Goldman was arrested for giving a lecture on contraceptives. Goldman believed that knowledge of and access to contraceptives was key to women’s ability to control their own bodies and thus their social and material well being. – 1915

Members of the Gas House Workers’ Union Local 18799 began what was to become a four-month recognition strike against the Laclede Gas Light Company in St. Louis. The union later said the strike was the first ever against a public utility in the U.S. – 1935

Martin Luther King led a march of striking sanitation workers in Memphis, Tennessee. Police attacked the workers with mace and sticks. A 16-year old boy was shot and 280 workers were arrested. He was assassinated a few days later after speaking to the striking workers. The sanitation workers were mostly black. They worked for starvation wages under plantation like conditions, generally under racist white bosses. Workers could be fired for being one minute late or for talking back and they got no breaks. Organizing escalated in the early 1960s and reached its peak in February 1968, when two workers were crushed to death in the back of a garbage truck. – 1968

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Quad/Graphics becomes majority owner of Chicago marketing firm

Sussex-Wisconsin based Quad/Graphics has increased its equity position in Rise Interactive, acquiring a majority ownership stake in the award-winning digital marketing agency, Quad announced March 21.

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Wednesday Morning in the Blogosphere

On May 29th we return to the Philippines for one month

Sun-Times to unveil makeover Wednesday - Robert Feder

Editorial: Tariffs on newsprint a threat to newspapers - The Daily Herald

Editorial: Newspaper tariffs will hurt everyone in the US - Aiken Standard

Who Are The Major Shareholders In FP Newspapers Inc? - Simply Wall St.

Maybe newspapers aren't so washed up - The Grand Junction Daily Sentinel

In Syria, Where Jobs Are Scarce, Journalism Becomes a Means of Survival - CJR

Paper and postal rate increases are kicking the print industry while it's down - Poynter

Here’s what the Boston Herald’s new owner has done to other newspapers - Boston.com

Walmart to remove 'Cosmopolitan' from checkout lines amid Me Too movement - USA Today

There are two newspapers in Chicago, but only one works as hard as you - Chicago Sun-Times

More than 30 U.K. print jobs may go

More than 30 jobs in the U.K. may be lost after Gannett-owned Newsquest announced plans to shutter the printing press of a publisher it bought, according to HoldtheFrontPage.

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California Pizza Kitchen fund for Pomona Officer Greg Casillas

Please consider having lunch or dinner @calpizzakitchen on Tuesday April 3rd. Anyone who visits California Pizza Kitchen and presents this flier will have 20% of their bill donated to a fund benefiting fallen Pomona Officer Greggory Casillas’ young family. Don’t forget the flier!

Sample News Group buying Vermont papers

The Sample News Group is buying the Barre-Montpelier Times Argus and Rutland Herald (Vermont) from Vermont Community Media, the Herald reports.

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Newspaper Printing Press in India

Metro Production Conference to focus on streamlining

This year, the Metro Production Conference will focus on helping Newspapers streamline production to help save costs, according to organizers.

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Stop Tariffs on Printers and Publishers (STOPP)

what is the issue?

A single paper supplier, NORPAC, is trying to manipulate the trade laws and convince the government to assess tariffs on Canadian imports of uncoated groundwood paper, which includes newsprint. Publishers and printers will not be able to absorb these tariffs and will be forced to cut costs that will ultimately result in fewer American jobs.

Learn More

Today in Labor History

Mother Jones

Mother Jones was ordered to leave Colorado, where state authorities accused her of “stirring up” striking coal miners. – 1904

This day marked the start of the 8-month Northern railway strike in Canada by the IWW. Wobblies picketed employment offices in Vancouver, Seattle, San Francisco, Tacoma and Minneapolis in order to block the hiring of scabs. – 1912

Fellow workers pay attention to what I’m going to mention,

For it is the fixed intention of the Workers of the World.

And I hope you’ll all be ready, true-hearted, brave and steady,

To gather ’round our standard when the red flag is unfurled.

CHORUS:

Where the Fraser river flows, each fellow worker knows,

They have bullied and oppressed us, but still our union grows.

And we’re going to find a way, boys, for shorter hours and better pay, boys

And we’re going to win the day, boys, where the river Fraser flows.

For these gunny-sack contractors have all been dirty actors,

And they’re not our benefactors, each fellow worker knows.

So we’ve got to stick together in fine or dirty weather,

And we will show no white feather, where the Fraser river flows.

Now the boss the law is stretching, bulls and pimps he’s fetching,

And they are a fine collection, as Jesus only knows.

But why their mothers reared them, and why the devil spared them,

Are questions we can’t answer, where the Fraser River flows.

(Lyrics by Joe Hill, 1912, to the tune of “Where the River Shannon Flows.”)

The U.S. Supreme Court ruled that undocumented workers do not have the same rights as Americans when they are wrongly fired. – 2002

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Sun Chemical to raise ink prices

Sun Chemical will raise prices on its offset inks, coatings and consumables across North America, effective February 15, according to the company. The company attributes the increase to recent price hikes in a variety of raw materials including carbon black, oil, and pigments.

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Tuesday Morning in the Blogosphere

The Vietnam Veterans Memorial Wall paid a visit to San Dimas

India's newspapers face difficult times - Warc

Trump’s trade war targets newspapers, too - Sun Sentinel

Imagine If Gordon Gekko Bought News Empires - Bloomberg

Early newspapers in Effingham County - Effingham Daily News

GateHouse Media acquiring Gardner News - Worcester Telegram

Facebook Apologizes to Britons in Newspapers - Asharq Al-awsat

Block newsprint tariff effort to save newspapers - Charleston Post Courier

A forecast for local advertising — not good but some signs of stabilizing - Poynter

Newspaper carrier’s pick-up stolen, rolled during high-speed chase - Capital Journal

Majority of Gazette-Mail employees to keep jobs in HD Media purchase - Gazette-Mail

Newspaper Readership Then, Now and in the Future

Newspapers in America have been assailed by digital technologies and a changing American lifestyle. What were the industry's game-changing historic moments? What's next for newspapers? WSJ's Jason Bellini reports. Image: Prelinger Archive

Media Note: Pennsylvania Chain to Buy Rutland Herald, Times Argus

The Rutland Herald and Barre-Montpelier Times Argus are changing hands — again. Sample News Group, a Pennsylvania-based chain of 75 newspapers, plans to buy the Vermont dailies by the end of the month, owners Reade Brower and Chip Harris said in a press release issued Thursday. The pair bought the Herald and Times Argus just 18 months ago from the Mitchell family, which had owned them for decades.

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Today in Labor History

The Triangle Shirtwaist Factory fire

Coxey’s Army (Common-Wealth Army) headed to Washington DC to demand economic reform. Coxey was a wealthy businessman and Populist who proposed a plan of federal work relief on public roads to be financed by Treasury notes to end the depression of 1893. When Congress refused to pass this bill, Coxey declared, We will send a petition to Washington with boots on“”.Coxey and his lieutenants were arrested by police and about 50 people were beaten or trampled. – 1894

A federal court issued the first injunction against a union under the Sherman Anti-Trust Act. The case was brought against the Workingman’s Amalgamated Council of New Orleans for interfering with commerce. The law was a major victory for bosses. – 1893

The Triangle Shirtwaist Factory fire in New York City killed 146 people, mostly women and young girls who were working in sweatshop conditions. As tragic as this fire was for poor, working class women, it is estimated that over 100 workers died on the job each day in the U.S. in 1911. What was most significant was that this tragedy became a flashpoint for worker safety and public awareness of sweatshop conditions.

The Triangle workers had to work from 7:00 am until 8:00 pm, seven days a week. The work was almost non-stop. They got one break per day (30 minutes for lunch). For this they were paid only $6.00 per week. In some cases, they had to provide their own needles and thread. Furthermore, the women were locked inside the building to minimize time lost to bathroom breaks.

A year prior to the fire, 20,000 garment workers walked off the job at 500 clothing factories in New York to protest the deplorable working conditions. They demanded a 20% raise, a 52-hour work week and overtime pay. Over 70 smaller companies conceded to the union’s demands within the first 48 hours of the strike. However, the bosses at Triangle formed an employers’ association with the owners of the other large factories. Soon after, strike leaders were arrested. Some were fined. Others were sent to labor camps. Armed thugs were also enlisted to beat up and intimidate strikers. By the end of the month, almost all of the smaller factories had conceded to the union. By February, 1910, the strike was finally settled. – 1911

Heavy deposits of coal dust caused an explosion in the Centralia Coal Company’s Mine No. 5 in Centralia, Illinois, killing 111 of the 142 miners at work at the time. Following the disaster, UMWA President John L. Lewis invoked the union’s right to call memorial days and as a memorial to those killed at Centralia, the miners did not work for six days. – 1947

The U.S. Supreme Court ruled employers may sometimes favor women and members of minority groups over men and whites in hiring and promoting in order to achieve better balance in the workforce. – 1987

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German firm acquires Wisconsin B2B publisher

Wisconsin-based Trade Press Media Group has been acquired by Forum Media Group, based in Merching, Germany, Trade Press reports. Terms of the deal weren't disclosed. B2B publisher Trade Press produces trade titles covering the facilities management, commercial cleaning and the U.S. rail industries.

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The storied history of newspapers

Do you know why some newspapers are called "gazettes," or what story the first American paper reported on? Here are some facts about the history of the newspaper.

STOPP coalition forms to fight tariffs

Members of the printing, publishing and paper-producing industries have formed Stop Tariffs on Printers and Publishers (STOPP), a coalition to fight proposed countervailing duties (CVD) and anti-dumping duties (AD) on imports of Canadian uncoated groundwood papers including newsprint and other papers.

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Today in Labor History

New York City Subway

Groundbreaking occurred on the first section of the New York City subway system, from City Hall to the Bronx. The New York subway workers would go on to found the TWU (Transport Workers Union) in 1934. The TWU established a reputation for left-wing politics and was one of the first unions to join the CIO. – 1900

7,500 hotel workers and members of HERE (Hotel Employees and Restaurant Employees International Union), Local 5 ended a 21 day strike of 11 major hotels in Hawaii. They stuck to protect their earned pension benefits. – 1990

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Ferro retires as Tronc chair; Dearborn takes over

In news that will surprise many, Michael Ferro is retiring from the Tronc board of directors as the company prepares to close on the $500 million sale of the Los Angeles Times to local ownership, Tronc announced March 19. Justin Dearborn, CEO of Tronc, has been named chairman of the board of Tronc.

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Saturday Morning in the Blogosphere

The Los Angeles Times from 1st and Spring Streets

Used Carefully, Chatbots Can Be an Asset to Newsrooms - CJR

Tariffs on paper will hurt us, and our readers - Tampa Bay Times

BET boots journalist from Michelle Obama conference - Page Six

tronc (TRNC) – Analysts’ Weekly Ratings Changes - The Lincolnian

Will latest tronc rift end badly for Union-Tribune? - San Diego Reader

Trade policy could devastate local newspapers - Las Cruces Sun-News

Newspapers deliver trustworthy information - The Columbus Dispatch

The business of selling newspapers, informing readers - Covington News

Owner Of Maine's Biggest Newspaper Buys More Publications - Maine Public

Are Newspapers Wrong in Downplaying Vulgar Language in Print? - Editor and Publisher

Denver Post lays off 30; union urges sale

The Denver Post announced cuts of 30 employees, about a third of newsroom staff, Westword reported. Post Editor Lee Ann Colacioppo announced the layoffs March 14.

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Today in Labor History

New York Postal Strike

101 Wobblies (members of the Industrial Workers of the World, IWW) went on trial in Chicago for opposing World War I. They were tried for violating the Espionage Act. In September 1917, 165 IWW leaders were arrested for conspiring to subvert the draft and encourage desertion. Their trial lasted five months, the longest criminal trial in American history up to that time. The jury found them all guilty. The judge sentenced Big Bill Haywood and 14 others to 20 years in prison. 33 others were given 10 years each. They were also fined a total of $2,500,000. The trial virtually destroyed the IWW. Haywood jumped bail and fled to the USSR, where he remained until his death 10 years later. – 1918

The Norris-La Guardia Act was passed, restricting injunctions against unions and banning yellow dog contracts, which require newly-hired workers to declare they are not union members and will not join one. – 1932

President Nixon declared a national emergency and ordered 30,000 troops to New York City to break the postal workers strike. The troops didn’t have a clue how to sort and deliver mail; a settlement came a few days later. – 1970

The Coalition of Labor Union Women was founded in Chicago by some 3,000 delegates from 58 unions and other organizations. – 1974

Fifteen workers died and another 170 were injured when a series of explosions ripped through BP’s Texas City refinery. Investigators blamed a poor safety culture at the plant and found BP management gave priority to cost savings over worker safety. – 2005

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Don't tell them you are a reporter

Don't tell them you are a reporter More than a dozen city employees have confirmed that they have been instructed not to talk to reporters and many say they are afraid of retaliation if they do, even though they are allowed to talk with other citizens and residents. Questions and messages from reporters must go to the city’s Communications Department or to the city’s NextRequest system, which failed to find any documents that suspend the use of maintenance assessment districts.

Friday Morning in the Blogosphere

Royce Hall at UCLA

Want to be a foreign correspondent? - Poynter

Has the newspaper come yet? - Nevada Herald

Is Tronc about to go on the market? - Ken Doctor

Bad for newspapers, bad for America - Citizen Tribune

Craigslist Is Shutting Down Its Personals Section - Gizmoto

Newsprint duties could hurt small newspapers - Gilroy Dispatch

News publishers are giving personalization a fresh look - DigiDay

Press Herald owner Reade Brower will buy newspapers - Press Herald

Local news isn’t dying out: It’s being killed off by corporate greed - Salon

Trailblazing black journalist Les Payne showed no fear in pursuit of the truth - The Undefeated

Polish Daily Gazeta Wyborcza Smashed Through its Digital Subscriptions Target - Journalism UK

How the New York Times is Convincing Commercial Partners to Pay For its Journalism - The Drum

Layoffs at Chicago Tribune

The Tronc-owned Chicago Tribune has undergone another round of layoffs.

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City Without Newspapers (1940-1945)

Albuquerque Journal loses power

The Albuquerque Journal's offices suffered two long power outages March 11 and 12.

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Where's my newspaper?

I was saddened to discover that newspapers not delivered to my home are no longer available to be redelivered. In the past a missing newspaper would be brought to my front door up to thirty days of publishing. Now the subscriber is given credit for missing issues.

I understand the men and women that have the daunting task of distributing ten different newspapers to their subscribers, have their hands full, so if I miss a newspaper now and then I don't too upset.

With the costs of the hard copy of the daily newspaper skyrocketing due to fuel, ink, and newsprint prices, one has to wonder how the newspaper as we know it, will survive?

I contacted the Los Angeles Times regarding two missing issues, here's the response I received:

mdeve012 customer_service@latimes.cust-serv.com

via  sitel.com

Mar. 4

Dear Mr. Padgett,

Thank you for contacting the Los Angeles Times.

We are truly sorry for the delay in responding to your email. Due to the unexpected volume of emails coming in,

our response time is longer than usual.

Re: Account # 10080042082

We are sorry to hear that your newspapers were not delivered. We will notify the distributor who services your

area to ensure delivery everyday. Unfortunately, February 13 and March 2 is no longer available for redelivery.

Your account has been credited.

To access February 13 and March 2, 2018 paper, here’s a link to our eNewspaper; a complete digital replica

of the printed paper. Please click on the hamburger icon or the 3 horizontal lines on the upper right hand corner,

under 'Edition Options', click on 'Archive' and select the issue of the paper.

Again, please accept our sincerest apologies.

http://enewspaper.latimes.com/desktop/latimes/gratis.aspx?token=0448652db35f4c71825b36ad8038a344

If there are any additional questions regarding your subscription, please feel free to contact us at:

213 283-2274 or simply respond to this email.

Sincerely,

Michael De Vera
Los Angeles Times Mobile Team
mobile@latimes.com
202 West First St
Los Angeles, CA 90012

I called customer service and I thought my problem was solved as I was given a number to call for all back
issues of the Los Angeles Times, unfortunately the company I called was some type of newspaper
broker, they would deliver the missing newspapers, without the inserts, for a $7.50 fee.

In the future I will replace any missing newspapers by visiting the local Starbucks

Central Ink raising prices

Chicago-based Central Ink will be implementing price increases for ink and pressroom chemistry effective April 1, 2018.

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Today in Labor History

Mark Twain

Samuel Clemens, aka Mark Twain, gave a speech entitled, Knights of Labor: The New Dynasty. In the speech, he commended the Knights’ commitment to fair treatment of all workers, regardless of race or gender. “When all the bricklayers, and all the machinists, and all the miners, and blacksmiths, and printers, and stevedores, and house painters, and brakemen, and engineers . . . and factory hands, and all the shop girls, and all the sewing machine women, and all the telegraph operators, in a word, all the myriads of toilers in whom is slumbering the reality of that thing which you call Power, …when these rise, call the vast spectacle by any deluding name that will please your ear, but the fact remains that a Nation has risen.” Clemens was a lifelong member of the International Typographical Union (now part of the Communications Workers of America). – 1886

The Grand Coulee Dam on Washington state’s Columbia River began operation after a decade of construction. Eight thousand workers labored on the project; 77 died. – 1941

State and local police in Rhode Island used tear gas on some 800 IAM picketers striking the Browne & Sharp machine tool manufacturing company in North Kingstown. Governor J. Joseph Garrahy later publicly apologized for the actions of police. – 1982

A 32-day lockout of major league baseball players ended with an agreement to raise the minimum league salary from $68,000 to $100,000 and to study revenue-sharing between owners and players. – 1990

A bitter six-and-a-half year UAW strike at Caterpillar Inc. ended. The strike and settlement, which included a two-tier wage system and other concessions, deeply divided the union. – 1998

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