Nelson Rolihlahla Mandela (
Xhosa pronunciation: [xoˈliːɬaɬa manˈdeːla]; born 18 July 1918) is a
South African anti-apartheid revolutionary and politician who served as
President of South Africa from 1994 to 1999. He was the first black South African to hold the office, and the first elected in a
fully representative, multiracial election. His
government focused on dismantling the legacy of
apartheid through tackling institutionalised racism, poverty and inequality, and fostering racial reconciliation. Politically an
African nationalist and
democratic socialist, he served as the
President of the African National Congress (ANC) from 1991 to 1997. Internationally, Mandela was the
Secretary General of the Non-Aligned Movement from 1998 to 1999.
A
Xhosa born to the
Thembu royal family, Mandela attended
Fort Hare University and the
University of Witwatersrand, where he studied law. Living in
Johannesburg, he became involved in anti-colonial politics, joining the ANC and becoming a founding member of its
Youth League. After the
Afrikaner nationalists of the
National Party came to power in 1948 and began implementing the policy of apartheid, he rose to prominence in the ANC's 1952
Defiance Campaign, was elected President of the Transvaal ANC Branch and oversaw the 1955
Congress of the People. Working as a lawyer, he was repeatedly arrested for seditious activities and, with the ANC leadership, was prosecuted in the
Treason Trial from 1956 to 1961 but was found not guilty. Although initially committed to non-violent protest, in association with the
South African Communist Party he co-founded the militant
Umkhonto we Sizwe (MK) in 1961, leading a bombing campaign against government targets. In 1962 he was arrested, convicted of
sabotage and conspiracy to overthrow the government, and sentenced to life imprisonment in the
Rivonia Trial.
Mandela served 27 years in prison, first on
Robben Island, and later in
Pollsmoor Prison and
Victor Verster Prison.
An international campaign lobbied for his release, which was granted in
1990 amid escalating civil strife. Becoming ANC President, Mandela
published
his autobiography and led negotiations with President
F.W. de Klerk to abolish apartheid and establish
multiracial elections in 1994, in which he led the ANC to victory. He was elected
President and formed a
Government of National Unity in an attempt to diffuse ethnic tensions. As President, he established a
new constitution and initiated the
Truth and Reconciliation Commission to investigate past human rights abuses. Continuing the former government's
liberal economic policy,
his administration introduced measures to encourage land reform, combat
poverty and expand healthcare services. Internationally, he acted as
mediator between Libya and the United Kingdom in the
Pan Am Flight 103 bombing trial, and oversaw
military intervention in Lesotho. He declined to run for a second term, and was succeeded by his deputy
Thabo Mbeki, subsequently becoming an elder statesman, focusing on charitable work in combating poverty and
HIV/AIDS through the Nelson Mandela Foundation.
Controversial for much of his life, right-wing critics denounced
Mandela as a terrorist and communist sympathiser. He has nevertheless
received international acclaim for his anti-colonial and anti-apartheid
stance, having received
over 250 awards, including the 1993
Nobel Peace Prize, the US
Presidential Medal of Freedom and the Soviet
Order of Lenin. He is held in deep respect within South Africa, where he is often referred to by his
Xhosa clan name of
Madiba or as
tata; he is often described as "the father of the nation".
More at Wikipedia
Music video by The Specials AKA performing Nelson Mandela.